See Cipro Black Box Warning here.
See Levaquin Black Box Warning here.
Look up the labels for other drugs here.
Looking for solutions to help protect your cells? Click here.
| Brand Name | Antibiotic Class |
|---|---|
| Avelox, Vigamox, Moxiflox | moxifloxacin |
| Baxdela | delafloxacin |
| Cipro | ciprofloxacin |
| Factive | gemifloxacin |
| Levaquin | levofloxacin |
| Ofloxacin (Generic brand) | ofloxacin |
1) What is your view on the role of quinolones and fluoroquinolones in the treatment of infections?
Fluoroquinolone (FQs) antibiotics ...belong to the group of broad-spectrum antibiotics, effective for both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. FQs employ their antibacterial effect by preventing bacterial DNA from unwinding and duplicating through inhibition of their topoisomerase and gyrase, which differentiate them from other common antibacterial agents. This mechanism places them closer to chemotherapy drugs then other antibiotics, which mostly interfere with specific steps in homeostatic cell wall biosynthesis...
2) What is your view of the risks associated with quinolone and fluoroquinolone use?
According to the latest research and available literature, FQs toxicity results from many causes, including the formation of reactive oxygen species, and generation of oxidative stress damage of the mitochondrial DNA, as well as from the chelation of metals and a change in gene expression. These mechanisms explain the reason why FQs are often reported, to cause permanent and serious side effects to: tendon, muscles, joints, nerves and other organs. Other long-lasting problems involve the cardiovascular system (QT interval prolongation), musculoskeletal system disorders (arthropathy, muscle weakness, joint pain and swelling), chronic fatigue and diabetes mellitus. Moreover, FQs have recently been discovered to induce delayed adverse neuropsychiatric effects including dizziness, sleep disturbance, anxiety, suicidal thoughts, hallucinations, psychosis, depression and recurrent mania. All the side effects should be mentioned on the patient info label, especially including psychiatric and potential delayed mitochondrial toxicity (like mitochondrial DNA depletion and mutations).
Authors: Krzysztof Michalak, Aleksandra Sobolewska-Włodarczyk, Marcin Włodarczyk, Justyna Sobolewska, Piotr Woźniak, and Bogusław Sobolewski
Source: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5632915/
One of the main effects generated by FQs in cells is connected with the oxidative stress (OS)...The main aspect of OS involves the overdosed leakage of electrons from the electron transport chain (ETC)...Good understanding of the OS state is very important for understanding the consequences of OS generation by FQs...
Many papers present the existence of OS induced by FQs, for example, Pouzaud et al. [73]...
Talla and Veerareddy [76] examined the OS parameters in the blood after CIP, LEV, and GAT therapy on SOD3 (extracellular), glutathione, plasma antioxidant status, and lipid peroxides evaluated at 53 patients on different dosage regiments up to 5 days. The significant elevation of lipid peroxide was observed in patients treated with CIP and LEV. The substantial depletion in SOD3 and glutathione was observed especially in CIP patients. All three FQs reduced the plasma antioxidant status, but especially CIP and LEV.
Liu et al. [77] determined the effect of ENR on the release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), reactive oxygen species (ROS), superoxide dismutase (SOD), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), malondialdehyde (MDA), mitochondrion membrane potential (ΔΨm), and apoptosis in the hepatic cell line of grass carp. The doses of 50, 100, and 200 ug/mL increased the LDH release and MDA concentration, induced cell apoptosis, and reduced the ΔΨm compared to the control. The highest dose of 200 ug/mL also significantly reduced T-AOC.
All the above-presented experiments show the increased OS state after FQ treatment…
...One of the cellular symptoms present in the FQ-charged cells is the reduction of the mitochondrial potential ΔΨm [37, 38, 77–79]; however, the detailed mechanism of this phenomenon remains unknown. Since the main mitochondrion uncoupling factor is the PTP, the reasons of the reduced ΔΨm should be searched between factors that regulate PTP opening. The first possibility is the OS by itself being generated by FQs.
If new research would confirm the existence of FQs in the cells and mitochondria in the amounts making possible their permanent interactions with proteins and cations even after many years of FQ application, the research must focus on methods on how to remove FQs from strong protein and cation complexes. The simplest way seems to be the application of increased doses of metal cations Fe2+, Cu+, Mn2+, Zn2+, and Mg2+ which are natural FQ-competitors for protein-binding sites. It should be pointed that bivalent metal ions enter the cell to some degree due to the negative membrane potential of the cell and, next, enter the mitochondria due to the negative value of mitochondrial potential ΔΨm. The Nernst equation defines the equilibrium between the ion concentration gradient and voltage across the membrane. If the membrane voltage ΔV/ΔΨm decreases, the concentration equilibrium gradient cin/cout of bivalent ions decreases significantly as well, because the lowered potential may not be able to pull bivalent cations into the cell/mitochondrium up to the required concentration...
...Until detailed knowledge concerning FQ toxicity would be recognized, the following directions in supporting FQAD patients are proposed according to the known and probable mechanisms of FQ toxicity:(a)Reduction of the oxidative stress…
...There are thousands of natural substances which possess the antioxidant capacity and which are able to reduce free radicals leaked from ETC. One should, however, remember that they work as one to one. It means that, as a rule, ****they are not reduced in the cell after free radical annihilation in order to work in cycle. They only reduce the size of free radical damage.
****Apparently ERW is an exception. Scroll down to read about its action in protecting cells.
Authors: M.T. Garcia, M.V. Valenzuela, M.J. Ferrandiz, A.G. delaCampa
DOI: 10.1128/AAC.00737-19
Source: https://aac.asm.org/content/63/8/e00737-19.abstract
These results show that reactive oxygen species are the main factors directing the postantibiotic effect of levofloxacin and moxifloxacin in S. pneumoniae.
Authors: TallaV - Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad
P.R.Veerareddy1 Department of Pharmaceutics, St Peters' Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Warangal, Andhra Pradesh, India
Source: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0975148311340071
In conclusion ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin induce more reactive oxygen species that lead to cell damage than gatifloxacin irrespective of their concentrations in patient population.
Authors: Ferda Kaleagasioglu, Ercan Olcay
Source: https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/tjem/226/4/226_4_251/_article
The subsequent FQ-related oxidative stress disturbs mitochondrial functions, leading to apoptosis. ROS overproduction also has direct cytotoxic effects on extracellular matrix components. Understanding the mechanisms of the FQ-associated tendinopathy may enable designing safer therapeutic strategies, hence optimization of clinical response. In this review, we evaluate multi-factorial etiology of the FQ-induced tendinopathy and discuss proposed preventive measures such as antioxidant use...
Authors: Shirahata S, Kabayama S, Nakano M, Miura T, Kusumoto K, Gotoh M, Hayashi H, Otsubo K, Morisawa S, Katakura Y.
Institute of Cellular Regulation Technology, Graduate School of Genetic Resources Technology, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9169001/
Active oxygen species or free radicals are considered to cause extensive oxidative damage to biological macromolecules, which brings about a variety of diseases as well as aging. The ideal scavenger for active oxygen should be 'active hydrogen'. 'Active hydrogen' can be produced in reduced water near the cathode during electrolysis of water. Reduced water exhibits high pH, low dissolved oxygen (DO), extremely high dissolved molecular hydrogen (DH), and extremely negative redox potential (RP) values. Strongly electrolyzed-reduced water, as well as ascorbic acid, (+)-catechin and tannic acid, completely scavenged O.-2 produced by the hypoxanthine-xanthine oxidase (HX-XOD) system in sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0). The superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity of reduced water is stable at 4 degrees C for over a month and was not lost even after neutralization, repeated freezing and melting, deflation with sonication, vigorous mixing, boiling, repeated filtration, or closed autoclaving, but was lost by opened autoclaving or by closed autoclaving in the presence of tungsten trioxide which efficiently adsorbs active atomic hydrogen. Water bubbled with hydrogen gas exhibited low DO, extremely high DH and extremely low RP values, as does reduced water, but it has no SOD-like activity. These results suggest that the SOD-like activity of reduced water is not due to the dissolved molecular hydrogen but due to the dissolved atomic hydrogen (active hydrogen). Although SOD accumulated H2O2 when added to the HX-XOD system, reduced water decreased the amount of H2O2 produced by XOD. Reduced water, as well as catalase and ascorbic acid, could directly scavenge H2O2. Reduce water suppresses single-strand breakage of DNA b active oxygen species produced by the Cu(II)-catalyzed oxidation of ascorbic acid in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting that reduced water can scavenge not only O2.- and H2O2, but also 1O2 and .OH.
PMID: 9169001 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 2006 Nov;135(2):133-44.
Authors: Lee MY, Kim YK, Ryoo KK, Lee YB, Park EJ.
Department of Genetic Engineering, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Chungnam 336-600, Korea.
Source: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1385/ABAB:135:2:133
The generation of reactive oxygen species is thought to cause extensive oxidative damage to various biomolecules such as DNA, RNA, and protein. In this study, the preventive, suppressive, and protective effects of in vitro supplementation with electrolyzed-reduced water on H2O2-induced DNA damage in human lymphocytes were examined using a comet assay. Pretreatment, cotreatment, and posttreatment with electrolyzed-reduced water enhanced human lymphocyte resistance to the DNA strand breaks induced by H2O2 in vitro. Moreover, electrolyzed-reduced water was much more effective than diethylpyrocarbonate-treated water in preventing total RNA degradation at 4 and 25 degrees C. In addition, electrolyzed-reduced water completely prevented the oxidative cleavage of horseradish peroxidase, as determined using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels. Enhancement of the antioxidant activity of ascorbic acid dissolved in electrolyzed-reduced water was about threefold that of ascorbic acid dissolved in nonelectrolyzed deionized water, as measured by a xanthine-xanthine oxidase superoxide scavenging assay system, suggesting an inhibitory effect of electrolyzed reduced water on the oxidation of ascorbic acid.
PMID: 17159237 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Authors: Kokichi Hanaoka 1, Dongxu Sun, Richard Lawrence, Yoshinori Kamitani, Gabriel Fernandes
PMID: 14871602
DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2003.08.007
Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14871602/
We reported that reduced water produced by electrolysis enhanced the antioxidant effects of proton donors such as ascorbic acid (AsA) in a previous paper. We also demonstrated that reduced water produced by electrolysis of 2 mM NaCl solutions did not show antioxidant effects by itself. We reasoned that the enhancement of antioxidant effects may be due to the increase of the ionic product of water as solvent. The ionic product of water (pKw) was estimated by measurements of pH and by a neutralization titration method. As an indicator of oxidative damage, Reactive Oxygen Species- (ROS) mediated DNA strand breaks were measured by the conversion of supercoiled phiX-174 RF I double-strand DNA to open and linear forms. Reduced water had a tendency to suppress single-strand breakage of DNA induced by reactive oxygen species produced by H2O2/Cu (II) and HQ/Cu (II) systems. The enhancement of superoxide anion radical dismutation activity can be explained by changes in the ionic product of water in the reduced water.
Authors: Taichi Kashiwagi, Hanxu Yan, Takeki Hamasaki, Tomoya Kinjo, Noboru Nakamichi, Kiichiro Teruya, Shigeru Kabayama, Sanetaka Shirahata
Source: "Electrochemically Reduced Water Protects Neural Cells from Oxidative Damage", Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, vol. 2014, Article ID 869121, 18 pages, 2014.
DOI: 10.1155/2014/869121
Aging-related neurodegenerative disorders are closely associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stresses and their incidence tends to increase with aging. Brain is the most vulnerable to reactive species generated by a higher rate of oxygen consumption and glucose utilization compared to other organs. Electrochemically reduced water (ERW) was demonstrated to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) in several cell types...When these cell lines were treated with ERW alone (0 μM H2O2) the number of viable cells did not increase compared to that of the controls (Figures 1(a) and 1(b)). Therefore, the results indicate that ERW suppresses neuronal cell death caused by H2O2-induced oxidative damage.
...ERW was found to protect N1E-115, PC12, SFME, and MCCNP cells from oxidative stresses caused by H2O2, glutamate, and SNP treatments. This neuronal cell protection stemmed from the ROS specific scavenging ability of dissolved hydrogen and Pt nps in the ERW. The present communication provides encouraging data for the therapeutic applicability of ERW against NDs*.
*Neurodegenerative Disorders
Authors: Yan, H., Kashiwaki, T., Hamasaki, T. et al. DOI: 10.1186/1753-6561-5-S8-P69 ERW significantly reduced the cell death induced by H2O2 pretreatment (Figure 1). ERW also scavenged the intracellular ROS and prevented the decrease of mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP production induced by ROS.
Authors: Ito, M., Ibi, T., Sahashi, K. et al. HEW* is effective for mitochondrial dysfunction in MM** and inflammatory processes in DM***. Hydrogen may have a threshold effect or a dose-response effect and 1.0 liter or more per day of HEW is likely to be required to exert beneficial effects. *HEW: Hydrogen-Enriched Water **MM: Mitochondrial Myopathies ***DM: Dermatomyositis
Source: https://www.hindawi.com/journals/omcl/2012/353152/ Effects of hydrogen have been reported in 63 disease models and human diseases ... Only two diseases of cerebral infarction and metabolic syndrome have been analyzed in both rodents and humans. Lack of any adverse effects of hydrogen enabled clinical studies even in the absence of animal studies. Some other human studies including Parkinson’s disease are currently in progress, and promising effects of hydrogen are expected to emerge for many other human diseases. Authors: Takeki Hamasaki, Gakuro Harada, Noboru Nakamichi, Shigeru Kabayama, Kiichiro Teruya, Bunshi Fugetsu, Wei Gong, Ichiro Sakata, Sanetaka Shirahata (2017) Source: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0171192 We confirm that ERW possessed electrolysis intensity-dependent intracellular ROS-scavenging activity, and ERW exerts significantly superior ROS-scavenging activity in HT1080 cells than the equivalent level of hydrogen-dissolved water. Authors: Sanetaka Shirahata, Takeki Hamasaki, Kiichiro Teruya Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan (2012) Source: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0924224411002408 Accumulating evidence has shown that reduced waters are health beneficial and they suppress oxidative stress-related diseases such as diabetes, cancer, arteriosclerosis, neurodegenerative diseases, and the side effects of hemodialysis. The mechanisms of action of reduced water for scavenging ROS are considered to be complicated.
...ERW suppresses neural cell death by oxidative stress (Kashiwagi et al., 2005). Hydrogen-supplemented water also exhibits various anti-neurodegenerative disease effects... Source: https://www.doc-hugh.com/ Disabling Effects of Fluoroquinolones Mitigated by Antioxidants He...found, in lab studies, that giving antioxidants alongside fluoroquinolones seems to mitigate the effects on mitochondria. Source: https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-03267-5 What is the difference between Quinolones and Fluoroquinolones (FQs)? Quinolones and fluoroquinolones consist of drugs which act as chemotherapeutic agents against bacteria... After the first generation of drugs were found to be active, it was noted that a fluorine atom at the 6-position of the quinoline ring imparted greater potency, and hence the second generation of drugs was called the fluoroquinolones. Source: https://pharmaxchange.info/2011/05/mechanism-of-action-of-quinolones-and-fluoroquinolones/ Is Hydroxychloroquine a quinolone? (No, Chloroquine is Not a quinolone) Source: https://www.reddit.com/r/floxies/comments/fh0kxq/chloroquin_vs_fluoroquinolones_a_chemists/ Are Fluoroquinolones Chemo Drugs? (Excellent, detailed info) Fluoroquinolones Chemotherapeutic (Medical Educational text. See Section B, #4) Source: http://faculty.ccbcmd.edu/courses/bio141/lecguide/unit2/control/antibio.html Cipro, Levaquin and Avelox are Chemo Drugs (with references) Source: https://www.hormonesmatter.com/cipro-levaquin-avelox-fluoroquinolones-chemo-drugs/ Both the fluoroquinolones and quinolones are synthetic chemotherapeutic antibacterial agents (Microbiology Text) Source: https://microbiologyclass.com/ciprofloxacin/ Nonantibiotic Effects of Fluoroquinolones in Mammalian Cells Authors: Sujan Badal, Yeng F. Her, L. James Maher, III Source: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4571980/
Source: The neuroprotective effects of electrolyzed reduced water and its model water containing molecular hydrogen and Pt nanoparticles. BMC Proc 5, P69 (2011).
Excerpt
Open-label trial and randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial of hydrogen-enriched water for mitochondrial and inflammatory myopathies
Source: Open-label trial and randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial of hydrogen-enriched water for mitochondrial and inflammatory myopathies. Med Gas Res 1, 24 (2011).
Excerpt
To learn more about how Electrolyzed Reduced Water can help protect mitochondria, and where to get it, Click here
Molecular Hydrogen as an Emerging Therapeutic Medical Gas for Neurodegenerative and Other Diseases
Excerpt
Electrochemically Reduced Water exerts superior reactive oxygen species scavenging activity in HT1080 cells than the equivalent level of hydrogen-dissolved water
Excerpt
To request a video visually demonstrating the active hydrogen in Electrolyzed Reduced Water, Click here
Advanced Research on the Health Benefit of Reduced Water
Excerpt
Both ROS scavenging effect and immuno-modulation effect might be responsible for anti-cancer effect of Alkaline Reduced Water.
To request a video of doctors discussing the benefits of Electrolyzed Reduced Water, Click here
Learn more about Electrolyzed Reduced Water ==>> Click here to request more info
Additional Resources
This is the functional medicine doctor specializing in helping floxies, who helped us:
Excerpt
Excerpt
Source: https://imcwc.com/html5-blank/floxed-by-fluoroquinolone-toxicity/
Source: https://neuromuscular.wustl.edu/mitosyn.html
Source: https://www.fda.gov/drugs/information-drug-class/fluoroquinolone-antimicrobial-drugs-information
Source: https://www.billiamjames.com/myth-of-floxing/
METRONIDAZOLE (Flagyl)
Source: http://s.bl-1.com/h/dcznrCDj?url=https://www.fixyourgut.com/use-the-antibiotic-flagyl-with-caution/
Molecular hydrogen is a novel antioxidant to efficiently reduce oxidative stress with potential for the improvement of mitochondrial diseases
Source: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0304416511001103
Water: Nature’s Elixir for Healthy Aging and Brain Health
Source: https://www.rightspinhealth.co.nz/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Hydrogen_Water-Natures_Elixer.pdf
If you would like more information regarding Electrolyzed Reduced Water, and how to obtain it from an ISO 13485 certified medical device for home use, please fill out the form below.
We will get back to you shortly with your FREE information. We take privacy seriously and will not sell or transfer any contact information that you share with us.